Place footnote calls after all punctuation marks other than em dashes, except if the footnote relates solely to a parenthetical, in which case place the call within the parentheses. Blue pages this guide covers the bluebooks white pages, which provide citation rules for academic papers. Avoid using superscript note identifiers in headings. If the footnote or endnote refers to a complete sentence the footnote sign must directly follow the punctuation of the sentence. Oxford comma writers disagree on whether lists of three or more should include a comma. Barthes has further benefited from being translated into english by the extremely able richard howard. Rule 2 selection from the blue book of grammar and punctuation. Therefore, the most common format for a supra short form citation consists of the authors last name followed supra, offset by a comma. In law, a citation or introductory signal is a set of phrases or words used to clarify the authority. Do footnoting superscripts go inside or outside punctuation.
Essentials punctuation of quotations hamilton college. The blue book of grammar and punctuation is filled with easytounderstand rules, realworld examples, dozens of reproducible exercises, and pre and posttests. Learn more about styles and usage with my online course, grammar, punctuation. An easytouse guide with clear rules, realworld examples, and reproducible quizzes at. Quotation marks are used for components, such as chapter titles in a book, individual episodes of a tv series, songs from a broadway show or a music album, titles of articles or essays in print or online, and shorter works such as short stories and poems. Texts in romance languages usually place footnote markers before punctuation. When, as here, the plaintiff is a public figure, he cannot recover unless he. Commas punctuation rules the blue book of grammar and.
The blue book of grammar and punctuation 11th edition. See is probably the most frequently used and abused introductory signal. In this situation, the hereinafter cite should include the authors last name, followed by a comma and the underlined title of the work, which can be in shortened form. An easytouse guide with clear rules, realworld examples, and reproducible quizzes 11th ed. An easytouse guide with clear rules, realworld examples, and reproducible quizzes 11th by straus, jane, kaufman, lester, stern, tom isbn. When footnoting, it is typical to place all footnotes at the end of the sentence. In german i never saw a footnote a refering to the half sentence before the comma. Nov 30, 2011 the book, titled my lifelong challenge. Mind mapping, note mapping, and concept mapping to promote logical thinking, reading comprehension, idea generation, and knowledge analysis.
The blue book of grammar and punctuation, eleventh edition. A revised and updated new edition of the bestselling workbook and grammar guide the blue book of grammar and punctuation is a concise, entertaining workbook and guide to english grammar, punctuation, and usage. If the title of a book ends with a year, place a comma between the book title and the pinpoint. What about footnote numbers in midsentence that fall next to some other form of punctuation comma, semicolon, etc. The sentence is correct with or without the comma before and. The blue book of grammar and punctuation is a concise, entertaining workbook and guide to english grammar, punctuation, and usage.
Bluebook citation for llm students harvard library research guides. Always use a signal unless 1 the cited authority directly states the proposition. To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three or more. Bluebook citation for llm students search this group search. According to the bluebook, nonenglish words and phrases continue reading. The book is known as the classic guide to writing nonfiction and should be a part of any serious writers library. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Apparently, someone on asked almost the same question. Jan 27, 2017 when footnoting, it is typical to place all footnotes at the end of the sentence. If a superscript footnote number is used, it follows the period and the quotation marks. When communed with another signal, the other signal should be given first, separated by an italicized comma but ending with a nonitalicized comma.
All it takes is the blue book of grammar and punctuation. Position of footnote numbers in text mary morel online. Include any references after the supra that vary from the former cite. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, the bluebook continues to provide a systematic method by which members of the profession communicate important information to one another about the sources and legal authorities upon.
Originally, typewriters had monospaced fonts skinny letters and fat letters took up the same amount of space, so two spaces after ending punctuation marks such as the period were used to make the text more legible. Lets say your dog has so many great qualities that you just have to tell the world. It is used when the cited authority clearly supports a proposition but there is an inferential step. I have likewise seen some departures from this, but again my sense is that they remain rare exceptions. A note number should generally be placed at the end of a sentence or at the end of a clause. For the academic book im editing at the moment the editorial guidelines are for the footnote to come directly after the punctuation, with no spacing. The following information regarding the bluebook citation format is.
Automatically move footnotes after punctuation, rather than before, in word. It doesnt take a lifetime to master english grammar and punctuation. This userfriendly resource includes simple explanations of grammar, punctuation, and usage. These are a very few of the common errors i see in student writing. Use a period at the end of a complete sentence that is a statement. An easytouse guide with clear rules, realworld examples, and reproducible quizzes, 11th edition book. Furthermore, these rules are not necessarily intuitiveafter. Grammar and punctuation the blue book of grammar and. When the last comma in a series comes before and or or after daughterinlaw in the above example, it is known as the oxford comma. How to properly typeset footnotessuperscripts after. How to properly typeset footnotessuperscripts after punctuation marks. If the full citation is in a previous footnote, indicate the footnote by number.
Sometimes a comma is necessary after an introductory phrase. You need bracketing commas before and after the part i have coloured blue. Pamphlets on the constitution of the united states, published during its discussion by the people, 17871788, at 385 paul l. Immediately after supra is the word note in ordinary type, followed by the number of the footnote in which the authority was first cited in full. Commas, semicolons, and other punctuation marks should be in italics if they are part of the. The blue book of grammar and punctuation an easytouse guide with clear rules, realworld examples, and reproducible quizzes tenth edition jane straus 3. John likes to eat a hearty breakfast of pancakes, sausage, toast, and chocolate. I find the spacing of footnote marks after punctuation marks quite unsatisfactory, especially with sans serif fonts and compared to the spacing after letters. The court held that the alleged counduct, if true, would be a serious violation of the statue. Quotation marks the blue book of grammar and punctuation. It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. Additionally, the chicago manual of style recommends its use for all citation of legal material.
Oxford comma writers disagree on whether lists of three or more should include a comma before the and or or and the last item in the list. Punctuation, quotation marks, and footnotes the volokh. Bluebook citation for llm students bluebook citation for. Automatically move footnotes after punctuation, rather. A lot of specific legal phrases are latin phrases or at least started out latin. In other circumstances, the final comma is optional. Use an object pronoun when the pronoun is the direct object, the indirect object, or the object of the preposition.
There are a few exceptions that require you to use the oxford comma in a list, but they are pretty rare. The chicago manual of style online is the venerable, timetested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. Automatically move footnotes after punctuation, rather than. Except as otherwise provided in the goldbook, all citations must. But it has done one thing answered each and every one of my grammar and punctuation related questions. If the sentence contains a short quotation and another footnote to a different source, place the footnote number after any punctuation following the quotation. Generations of law students, lawyers, scholars, judges, and other legal professionals have relied on the bluebooks unique system of citation in their writing. Posted in footnotes, pretentious writing, punctuation w footnotes at 8. It is important to note that a comma should always be used if the sentence could be misinterpreted otherwise.
The blue book of grammar and punctuation an easytouse. So your note b refers to the complete sentence before. Im using revtex41 as documentclass and would like to place a footnote after a citation, \cite. Mar 18, 2014 buy the blue book of grammar and punctuation. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other. I write for a living and soon after buying this book, i condensed my halfadozen writers reference books into one source, the blue book of grammar and punctuation. The bluebook style guide is used in the american legal profession for citation of all relevant sources. The petitioner should edit the attached pages for the following.
When you list your dogs qualities, you have to use a comma after each quality you list except the one that comes immediately before and. The style guides i consulted are effectively unanimous in agreeing that, when a footnote comprehends the entire sentence or clause at whose end the footnote callout is to appear, the callout superscript number or mark should appear after any punctuation marks that appear at that pointunless the punctuation mark in question is a dash or in. But the academic habit of relegating notes to the foot of the page or the end of the book is a. Use commas to separate words and word groups in a simple series of three or more items. Footnotes should be avoided in midsentence wherever possible. Any other authority in a footnote should use the typeface convention for a full or short citation. If, in the same textual sentence, there appears a quotation or other proposition for which the case is cited, be sure to include pinpoint citation information as well. Placement of footnote reference relative to closing. Barthes has further benefited from being translated into english by. If there is any possible confusion, use the final comma. A subreddit for questions and discussions about grammar, language, style, conventions, and punctuation. I usually change this on the fly while translating, but ive just received a text i outsourced. Footnotes and other references footnote indicators. In the text of the article, place the footnote number after any punctuation, including periods, commas, quotations marks, etc.
Start studying the blue book of grammar and punctuation. When more than one indicator must be inserted at the same place in the text, the indicators are separated by a. I translate this to mean that you put a footnote link before a comma or semicolon, but after a full stop. Left margin on the line immediately following the quotation. Other times, the comma is optional, and there are also times when a comma should not be used. If a citation in parentheses follows the quotation, the period follows the citation. Feb 10, 2014 the blue book of grammar and punctuation, eleventh edition. Typeface conventions bluebook legal citation tarlton law. With that in mind, here is a list of some of the more obscure bluebook rules. You would just site the book and the parenthetical citation as normal, then mention in the sentence that youre using a footnote or add note in the end of your parenthetical citation. Goldbook rules replace, supplement, or confirm specific bluebook rules. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in lrwa2 use for their memo assignments. I comes after the to be verb is and renames the subject it.
Bluebook citation for legal materials purdue writing lab. The hereinafter parenthetical immediately follows the first full citation and is enclosed in brackets. So, applying this rule, the footnote goes at the end, unless there are two footnotes in the sentence in which case the footnote relating to the short quote goes after the quote. The blue book of grammar and punctuation jane straus. Posted in footnotes, pretentious writing, punctuation wfootnotes at 8. Use authors last name, followed by a comma and the word supra. Oct 24, 2012 there are many uses for the comma in english grammar.
Dont switch back and forth in the same document between using the oxford comma and not using it. A misplaced comma can change your emphasis and sometimes your meaning. Punctuation like commas and semicolons should only be italicized when they are part of the italicized material, and not when they are part of the citation or sentence in which they appear. If quotation appears in footnote, where should citation be.
Should i put my footnote reference before or after the closing quotation mark. Singapores bilingual journey, is also available in chinese. Always check the blue pages in the back of the bluebook table 1 to. Automatically move footnotes after punctuation, rather than before, in word posted on 10 october 2014 by timothy barton texts in romance languages usually place footnote markers before punctuation. Placement of footnote reference relative to closing quotation mark. Grammarly s writing assistant can help you make sure your punctuation, spelling, and grammar are tiptop on all your favorite. Effective punctuation handout 1 columbia law school.
With over 200,000 copies sold, this is one of the most highly trusted english language resources available. Footnoteendnote references before or after punctuation. This book is currently in its 30th anniversary edition and is also widely available. Spacing after periods, colons, question marks, and exclamation marks. The number normally follows a quotation whether it is run into the text or set as an extract. Some rules outlined in books on writing and grammar may be modified or completely replaced by rules in the bluebook. In all child custody cases, the welfare of the child and the childs best interest is the primary, paramount and controlling consideration of the court.
Learn more about styles and usage with my online course, grammar, punctuation and usage. Typeface conventions bluebook legal citation tarlton. But to elaborate a bit, it may be appropriate to place footnotes after punctuation appearing in the middle of the. Generally, grammar and punctuation should follow the sixteenth edition of. This handy workbook is ideal for teachers, students in middle school through college, esl students, homeschoolers, and professionals. Is it grammaticaly correct to place a comma after and. My estate goes to my husband, son, daughterinlaw, and nephew. Most newspapers and magazines drop the oxford comma in a simple series, apparently. Latin, italics, and punctuation are more than a little confusing so we will take a little time today to try to make those things a little bit clearer. Always use a signal unless 1 the cited authority directly states the proposition in the text.
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